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Solids: Introduction

Overview

The information in the following table gives an overview of the relationships between the structure type, repetitive units (motifs), bonding forces, and properties of different solids.

Tab.1: Summary

	Structure type	Repetitive units (motifs)	Lattice forces	Typical properties	Examples
Atomic crystal	Three-dimensional structure	Atoms	Covalent bonds in three dimensions	High melting point Very hard Electrical insulators	Diamond, C (Abb. 1) , Silicon carbide, SiC,
Atomic crystal	Layered structure	Atoms	Covalent bonds in two dimensions, London interactions	High melting point Soft Flaky	Graphite, C (Abb. 2) , Cadmium iodide, CdI₂, Molybdenum disulfide MoS₂
Atomic crystal/Ionic crystal	Layered structure	Atoms and Ions	Covalent bonds in one dimension, Coulomb interactions	High melting point Soft Electrical insulator	Phyllosilicates, e.g.: Mica (Abb. 3) , Kaolinite, Al₄[(OH)₈\|Si₄O₁₀], (Ton)
Atomic crystal	Chain structure	Atoms	Covalent bonds in two dimensions, London interactions	Partially meltable Fibrous	Selenium, Se (Abb. 4) , Silicon disulfide, SiS₂
Atomic crystal/ionic crystal	Chain structure	Atoms and Ions	Covalent bonds in one dimension, Coulomb interactions	Fibrous Electrical insulator	Asbestos (Abb. 5) , Molybdenum disulfide, MoS₂
Ionic crystal	Three-dimensional structure	Ions	Electrostatic interactions	High melting point Hard, brittle Electrical insulator	Sodium chloride, NaCl, (table salt) (Abb. 6) , Potassium chloride, KCl, Potassium nitrate, KNO₃
Molecular crystal	Three-dimensional structure	Polar molecules	London and dipole-dipole interactions	Low melting point Soft Electrical insulator	Ice, H₂O (Abb. 7) , Ammonia, NH₃
Molecular crystal	Three-dimensional structure	Nonpolar molecules	London interactions	Low melting point Soft Electrical insulator	Carbon dioxide, CO₂ (Abb. 8) , Hydrogen, H₂, Methane, CH₄
Molecular crystal	Three-dimensional structure	Positive ions Mobile electrons	Metallic bonds	Often high melting point Ductile Electrical conductor	Copper, Cu,Gold, Au, Iron, Fe, Potassium, K (Abb. 9) ,

Figures

Fig.1: Diamond

Harry Hautumm / pixelio.de

Fig.2: Graphite

Mineral Information Institute

Fig.3: Mica

Jörg Siebauer / pixelio.de

Fig.4: Gray selenium

Fig.5: Asbestos

By Gunnar Ries Amphibol

Fig.6: Sodium chloride

Fig.7: H₂O: Ice (and water)

Fig.8: Carbon dioxide

Fig.9: Potassium

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